【光明云说法】为入职而“假结婚” “假结婚协议”能否对抗真的登记结婚?******
都市情感剧《爱的二八定律》讲述了女主秦施为了满足知名律所入职女律师需已婚的要求,与男主阳华阴差阳错“假结婚”,但是历经种种“真相爱”的故事。“假结婚协议”能否对抗真的登记结婚?“假离婚”和真离婚哪个算数?这些问题不论是在剧中还是剧外都有探讨的必要。一起来听听法官怎么说。
“假结婚协议”vs真登记结婚
秦施为了入职诚与慧律师事务所伪造了自己“已婚”的身份,阳华为了躲避母亲的催婚让秦施假扮自己的未婚妻,二人一拍即合约定了半年的假结婚期限并签署了协议。后来律所在整理档案时要求秦施补齐已婚的材料,二人决定登记结婚,并签署了为期三年的“结婚协议”及婚前财产协议。
秦施和阳华签署的为期三年的“假结婚协议”能否对抗二人在民政局的“真登记结婚”?
根据《中华人民共和国民法典》婚姻家庭编之规定,结婚登记应自愿合法。所谓自愿,即“男女双方完全自愿”,且“要求结婚的男女双方应当亲自到婚姻登记机关申请结婚登记。符合本法规定的,予以登记,发给结婚证。完成结婚登记,即确立婚姻关系。”所谓合法,即不存在民法典规定的婚姻无效的情形或者规定的可撤销的情形。
北京朝阳区人民法院综合审判庭武鑫蓉说,只要男女双方自愿领证,且不存在重婚、有禁止结婚的亲属关系、未达到法定婚龄、受胁迫、隐瞒重大疾病等情形,婚姻关系对登记双方均有约束力。不论双方有无感情基础、是否真心建立婚姻家庭关系、登记结婚有何种目的,在法律上都是“真结婚”。因此,秦施和阳华的“假结婚协议”不能对抗二人在民政局的真登记结婚。
“剧中,秦施“假结婚”是为了满足律所苛刻的入职条件,而现实生活中,通过“假结婚”想要达到的目的多种多样,如为子女办理户口、取得买房资格、过户购车指标等。看似一纸简单的婚约能撬动巨大的利益杠杆,实则隐藏着更多、更复杂的法律风险。”武鑫蓉说,第一,人身风险。第二,财产风险。第三,继承风险。
秦施和阳华“假结婚真相爱”的经历固然浪漫,但现实更多的是“人财两空”的狗血。不论从哪个方面看,“假结婚”这种破坏法律严肃性和婚姻神圣性的“饮鸩止渴”的行为都是不可取的。
“假离婚协议”VS真离婚
除了“假结婚”,“假离婚”这个概念我们也不陌生。虽然本剧中没有演绎,但是其他的热播剧和日常生活中,为了取得购房资格、逃避共同债务或者获取其他利益“假离婚真分手”的例子比比皆是。
“假结婚协议”中男女双方为保护个人财产往往进行最清晰的分割,如约定分别财产所有制;而“假离婚协议”中为了达到最终目的,势必会存在妥协、隐瞒、退让,如将本应平等分割的房产约定为一方所有。当“假离婚”变“真分手”,签署的假离婚协议是否有效?能否对共同财产重新分割?
“假离婚”是夫妻双方为获取某一利益约定暂时离婚,待达成目的后再行复婚的行为。与“假结婚”一样,法律上没有“假离婚”的概念。夫妻双方可以选择在民政局协议离婚,也可以选择在人民法院诉讼离婚。
民法典规定,“完成离婚登记,或者离婚判决书、调解书生效,即解除婚姻关系。”男女双方想要恢复婚姻关系,只能重新登记结婚,但凡一方“假戏真做”不愿复婚,都无法“破镜重圆”。
武鑫蓉说,如果“假离婚”引发财产纠纷,法院可依据诉求对所谓的“假离婚协议”中当事人处分财产的真实意愿进行审查,并从当事人在签订协议前后的相关行为予以认定。如果通过举证质证可以确认签署离婚协议并非基于夫妻双方情感破裂而是为了追求其他利益,这种情况可以认定以虚假的意思表示签订的财产分割条款无效。如果有证据证明“假离婚协议”中的财产分割条款并非双方真实意愿,则应依法对夫妻共同财产重新分配。
承载着感情与责任的婚姻不应成为利益的牺牲品。切莫因“小利”失“真情”,最后“鸡飞蛋打”。
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)